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Indoaqua! Overview| Present status of common Carp Genetics and Breeding at Main Center for Freshwater Aquaculture Development, Sukabumi |
| Written by Maskur, Adi Sucipto |
| Tuesday, 19 January 2010 07:03 |
|
I. Background
Indonesia is a country with a high level of biological diversity. There are approximately 1,050 freshwater fish species, of which about 950 species are found in western Indonesia and Sulawesi (Kottelat et al. 1993) and at least 103 species are found in Sahul Shelf (Schuster 1950). The fish species are characterized by their high levels of endemism. Kottelat et al. (1993) reported that in Sumatra there are 30 endemic species, 149 species in Kalimantan, 12 species in Java and 52 species in Sulawesi.
Carps are the most important cultured species in Indonesia. Production of carps from aquaculture increased by 6 per cent per annum while capture fisheries decreased by 1 per cent during 1990-2001. The most important species are Cyprinus carpio, Java barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) and Nile carp (Osteochilus hasseltii). Indonesia is the world’s third largest producer of C. carpio after China and the USSR. In 2001, C. carpio contributed about 90 per cent of the total carp production.
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an economically important species for aquaculture industries in Indonesia. Culture of this species was begun in the middle of the 19th century. The common carp in Indonesia is believed to be a descendant of common that brought from China, Europe, Taiwan, and Japan (Aliah, RS, 2000). To date, several races of Indonesian common carp such as Majalaya, Sinyonya, Punten, Merah Cangkringan, and others recognized races have been used by fish farmer.
Presently, carp culture in Indonesia is operated in three environments: ponds, floating net/ cages and rice fields (Kontara and Maswardi 1999). Total production in 2004 was reported 192 461 tons consist of pond culture: 79 900 tons, cage culture: 16 495 tons, floating net: 42 381, and rice field are 53 685 tons (Aquaculture Statistic, 2005).
In 2002 Koi Herves Virus (KHV) was occurred in some major part of Indonesia caused common carp industries were damaged especially in production center and rural area. Number of common carp broodstock and seed production decreased year by year at breeders’ level. The effects of this KHV, many farmers are changing over to others species for aquaculture. This situation also caused decreasing germ plasma strains of common carp that are generally come from some areas in Java. For example, Majalaya strain becomes difficult to be found in the origin area such as Majalaya, Bandung Province, or Sinyonya strain which now difficult to be found in Pandeglang, Banten Province.
In order to overcome lack of the broodstock and provide the high quality of common carp broodstock and seed to the region, MCFAD, as National Broodstock Center planned the breeding program, collaboration with Universities and research centers mainly Bogor Agriculture Institute and Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, for producing high quality of broodstock has been started in 2007.
II. Genetics and Breeding Program
Based on the function and duty MCFAD has a mandate for producing high quality of broodstock. Accordance with its function and duty, since 1986 this center produced and maintained common carp broodstock such as Majalaya, Sinyonya, and Punten. The young broodstocks were produced, and then distributed to major province in Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan and Sulawesi Island. Since 1986 this center also producing pure line of Majalaya and Sinyonya by using genogenetic technic to produce pure line up to second generation. In 2002 KHV disease had attacked to the common carp broodstock in this center, and more than 60% of broodstock died, and the remains of the broodstock maintained to produce the next generation.
Since 2007 MCFAD as National Common carp Broodstock Center (NCBC), has planned common carp breeding program, and genetic laboratory has been set up. The main purpose of this program is to produce high quality of common carp broodstock in term of growth rate and disease resistance, possibly specific pathogen resistance to KHV.
Main activities of the breeding program as follows:
Broodstock collections
Describe the phenotypic identification of several varieties of C. carpio found in Indonesia as follows (Emmawati at al., 2005):
Review of characterization and evaluation of 4 races was reported by Hardjamulia (1998) showed in Table 1.
Table 1. A Comparison of traits of four strains of C. carpio (Hardjamulia 1998)
III. Laboratory equipments
To support the common carp breeding activity, the genetic laboratory and equipments has been set up in this year. The equipments are as follow:
1) Vertical Gel for DNA microsatellite analysis
2) Real time PCR
3) Refrigerator minus 60 C
4) Microinjection and GFP Expression
5) Microscope
6) Equipment unit for micro needle
7) Microchips Tag
IV. Affiliated Institutions:
V. Expected from the consortium
References
Aliah, R.A., 2000. Studies on Genetic changes in common- and ornamental carp (Cyprinus carpio), using microsatellite DNA markers. PhD Thesis, Tohoku University, Japan, 128 p.
Aquaculture Statistic, 2005. Directorate General of Aquaculture. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries,41p
Emmawati, L., A. Achmad, M. Sulhi, Subagyo and A. Hardjamulia. 2005. Carp genetic resources of Indonesia. In Penman, D.J., M.V. Gupta and M.M. Dey (eds.) Carp genetic resources for aquaculture in Asia. WorldFish Center Contribution
Hardjamulia, A. 1998. Characterization and evaluation of four strains of common carp in Indonesia. Consultation and Evaluation Meeting of Seed Production Program at Sukabumi. Directorate General of Fisheries. 15 p.
INGA 1997. Breeding plan for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Indonesia: multiple-trait selection. INGA Report No.5, Manila. 12 p.
Kontara, E.K. and A. Maswardi. 1999. Present status of common carp farming in Indonesia. World Aquaculture 30(4):14-16, 60-62.
Kottelat, M., A.J. Whitten, S.N. Kartikasari and S. Wirjoatmodjo. 1993. Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus Editions, Ltd. Indonesia. 293 p.
Schuster. 1950. Comments on the importation and transplantation of different species of fish into Indonesia. Contr. Gen. Agr. Res. Sta. No. 111. 31 p.
About Paper:
This paper presented in Consultation meeting on Establishment of a Consortium on common carp genetics and breeding, 3-4 December 2008, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. |
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